In terms of application, where are VCSELs commonly used?

VCSELs, or Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers, are primarily known for their efficiency and capability to produce coherent light, making them particularly suited for applications in fiber optic networks. They are used to transmit data at high speeds over optical fibers, providing advantages such as lower power consumption and the ability to be produced in arrays for expanding bandwidth.

The choice of fiber optic networks leverages these characteristics effectively, as high-speed data transmission is a fundamental requirement in modern communication systems. VCSELs can operate at various wavelengths, which allows them to be compatible with existing fiber optic infrastructure, making them a popular choice in both telecommunications and data communications industries.

Other options do not align with the primary characteristics and applications of VCSELs. For instance, microwave systems typically rely on different technologies for signal transmission, while heating systems and battery systems do not utilize optical components in the same way as fiber optics do. This underscores why the application of VCSELs in fiber optic networks is the most appropriate and relevant choice.